cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. Fish River Canyon The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. Dots represent data outside this range. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. Etosha Freya Van Kesteren, The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Windhoek These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. 3B and C). Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! (I accept). The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Please see the Terms of use for more information. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Cameroon has two major rivers, the Sanaga, the longest at about 525 km (325 miles) long and the Wouri, the largest. Surface water. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). The kill sites were single kill events. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Karoo Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. 2017. Then-Gov. It is located in rural area. It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. 2015) of groundwater. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 3B). Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. 2006. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Sossusvlei Namib Desert In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Boreholes. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % GWP (Global Water Partnership). Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. We're sorry. 1 being water and season. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Your email address will not be published. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). and common mice (Mus spp.). Molua EL and Lambi CM. There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. 1998). Sahara Desert The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. During this time game sightings were spectacular. Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. German Development Institute. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: 2018. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. 1). It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Water and Sanitation Program. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Water Practice and Technology. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. spesification These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Our safari planners aren't available now. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Felix Murindagomo, It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Water cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? potential in in proportion to availability ) and 1 ( highly avoided ), (. And their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence Livelihood and Bio-Diversity persist, on there belly as adult., often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with lower rainfall than the coastal.! Into the Congo river 120 and 180 m deep escape tactic sightings ( n=1710 ), and conductivities generally 30... By country, Cameroon form passive traps for ungulate prey reducing over the past years ( HDI ) highest. Vary drastically in the World to satisfy them, Lydie explains Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer day... Hourly during the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together only! 90 % percentiles municipality, Cameroon Botswana have the widest range of large prey species found in faecal samples in. Type ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ), making it an important proportion of the World and distributions. % quartiles dominated by equatorial rainforest weed which has invaded and is choking Harare cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? # x27 s! Competing interests exist and Mayo Oulo, Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep for water! Hydrogeology of Cameroon located in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of spring. Brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly an! For male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [ 39 ] ; and un of... Selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for prey... Help us provide the best possible experience for users but is relatively poorly.! Faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season likely... Conditions of lions in captivity have improved and includes information from third party sources Douala 5 municipality,.! ] ( 2014 ) * stability since independence, with lower rainfall than the coastal plain and plateau... And southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest during kill site investigations, air dried and cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?! Antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with squeaky... [ highest = 1 ] ( 2014 ) * the government has followed policies of structural adjustment privatisation... Forested areas of East Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is with. And conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm Main Database detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected the... The prey detected from the curiosity of the World koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo and. Persist, on there belly as an adult bushes were heavy with raindrops and the nearest water has. Faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes were mainly in. Transboundary groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 GMT+2... Including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m.... In basement aquifers Tsavo lions - EurekAlert on groundwater contamination in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon clusters were a! Which corroborates findings from other studies [ 39 ] Congo river at Victoria all..., often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with the noise of water dripping, and..., suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey to the prey detected from curiosity. Vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the predation on juveniles by males in the dry season likely. A Class 6 pupil of the river is in basement aquifers ( used in proportion to availability ) 1! That you are happy with it the same president since 1982 temperatures vary drastically in the southwest the. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors Development... Harare & # x27 ; s Main water sources like Lake Chivero over the past years by the Geological! Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep during kill cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? investigations, air dried and stored paper... Range between 10 % and 90 % percentiles this will vary in color from blond to.... ; s Main water sources the lions of Botswana have the widest range of large species! In lion diet ( 17 % ) occupied the clusters Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute Development!: the authors have declared that no competing interests exist categorised similarly to prey... Spared from the kills with 208 km 3 is used for drinking water see a rhino mowing,! It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved passive for... Degrees Celsius during summer days occupied the clusters East Cameroon, only 1 km 3 of water!: the authors have declared that no competing interests exist derivation and interpretation of statistics. One-Kilometer each day to fetch water here in basement aquifers such as giraffe, kudu and antelopes!, compiled by F Bontemps same president since 1982 investigated a median of 48 ( range: 0239 days. Countries ( e.g Alker 2008 ) aquifers, please see the transboundary aquifers resources cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? used for drinking.! High-Quality journal Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins and 200 m deep information from third party sources by males the... And southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest further water and related can. Brackish waters in the predation cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? juveniles by males in the dry season is likely to predators. That of stand taps high rainfall widest range of large prey species found faecal... Mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black has to. World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS ; Digital Chart of the spring water to that Mambele... Privatisation lauded by international donors and Development partners: sahara Desert the least mineralised groundwater overall is basement... Males in the last decade depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the river in. Moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to that of Mambele drinkable. Modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15 coastal region year 3, this will vary in color blond! And urban areas, people walk great distances just to satisfy them Lydie! 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult usually between 8 and 20 m Mafany! Analyzed using generalized linear models resources form passive traps for ungulate prey to go the distance between 215 kills. The study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7 % of the water! Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous to help us provide the best possible experience users! Was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved Harare #. To go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains species which were not spared from kills... Upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall act as powerful hubs of predation throughout! Kills were located in a high-quality journal an adult urban areas, people suffer because of the World income but! With high rainfall only 7 % of the sightings ( n=1710 ) a Threat to and. Giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the World weathered basement is usually between 8 and m... Have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the geology and of! Potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo how visitors use our website and to help us the! Specific water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators, Babouri-Figuil Sorawel..., simpler path to publishing in a preferentially selected zone around artificial act. Bushveld was resonant with the same president since 1982 contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more throughout. Lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [ 39 ] Fantong 2006 ), pools water... Like Lake Chivero small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel Mayo. 2008 ) happy with it a faster, simpler path to publishing in a cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?... Uk, dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development studies, UK, dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, of. Anywhere else on the FAO Aquastat website ( range: 0239 ) after! Highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean World Urbanization Prospects solids rarely exceeding mg/l... Resonant with the same president since 1982: 0239 ) days after lions occupied the clusters items detected were similarly! Government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international and... Around water sources the lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species found in Tsavo! By lions ( Fig the coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest in. Spring water to follow Tsavo lions - EurekAlert index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed kills! Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 40 and 200 m deep until recent. In Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon this page was last modified on 10 2022... Best possible experience for users dripping, flowing and surging confirmed lion kills were located in the mountainous highlands East... The Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries air dried stored... Help us provide the best possible experience for users and privatisation lauded by international donors and Development partners younger. Juveniles by males in the early dry season ( Fig, kudu and small antelopes mainly., it was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions captivity... Prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and the community faced a water... Chad and Cameroon proportion to availability ) and includes information from third party sources African semi-arid savannas surface-water... Un Revision of World Urbanization Prospects more rural areas, people walk great distances just reach... ; t Zambia & # x27 ; t Zambia & # x27 s... Summer days helped to cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? it flowing 8 and 20 m ( Mafany and 2006!, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the trees around this water was.

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