epilepsy and neurodiversity

Epileptic seizures represent the intermittent and self-limited clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms) that result from abnormally excessive and synchronous activity of neurons. Definition: Allistic is any person who is not autistic. It is due to the damaged cells in the brain, resulting in its impaired function and ability to control movement and motor skills. The differences which the advocates of neurodiversity are pointing out are due to what they call neurodivergence. Dr. Walker explains that Neurodiversity [itself] is not a political or social activist movement [nor is it] a trait that any individual possesses[instead] When an individual diverges [or separates] from the dominant societal standards of normal neurocognitive functioning, they dont have neurodiversity, theyre neurodivergent (Neurodiversity, Dr. Walker). Importantly, Galtons approach was the first to blend Darwin and the concept of normalityalong with ableist, racist, classist, and sexist ideological baggageto rank different kinds of minds in relation to an idealised norm. 2022 Jan;35(1):15-22. doi: 10.1007/s13577-021-00624-x. According to the NeuroCosmopolitanisms article, Neurodiversity: Some Basic Terms and Definitions, Dr. Walker differentiates between Neurodiversity, the Neurodiversity Movement and the Neurodiversity Paradigm. There is growing evidence that neurodiverse conditions are accompanied by mental health challenges. Is it a biological fact, a perspective, or even a social justice movement? This should NOT be interpreted as Boston Universitys recommended or mandated terminology nor used as such. Definition: Refers to symptoms such as debilitating pain, fatigue, dizziness, cognitive dysfunctions, brain injuries, learning differences and mental health disorders, as well as hearing and vision impairments. Epilepsy is not a specific disease but rather a heterogeneous group of disorders that have in common the characteristic of recurrent, usually unprovoked seizures. government site. For many individuals, identity is fluid and can change over time or with setting. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The reason for this is that "normality" is a 19th-century invention, stemming from early statistician such as Adolphe Quetelet in the 1830s (as stressed by Judy Singer in her seminal neurodiversity thesis). Some have those mannerisms like throat clearing. Definition: People-first language emphasizes the individuality, equality and dignity of people with disabilities. Seizures may relate to a brain injury or a family trait, but often the cause is completely unknown. The epilepsies have many possible causes and there are several types of seizures. Make sure you get the latest updates from CCAoA in 2023 with our monthly newsletter. What is Neurodiversity? Epilepsy: Overview of Clinical Features, Management & Links to Neurodiversity South Africa. Definition: An impaired ability to perform skilled, coordinated movements that is neurologically based and not due to any muscular or sensory defect. Epub 2021 Oct 25. A brain injury has the potential to heal or worsen if health deteriorates, whereas clinical neurodivergence such as Autism, ADHD, or applied neurodiversity, such as dyslexia is a perfectly natural state, is not curable, and has no need to be cured. Simply put, universal design is good design. WebEpilepsy is a well-known comorbidity of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with about one third of these children developing seizures over their lifetime. Hum Cell. Why were we on the ground? Problems with writing can include difficulties with spelling, grammar, punctuation, and handwriting. The .gov means its official. Some who are blessed stand out because of their inherent abilities. Seizures are due to some abnormalities in the electrical activities of our brain. Your donation or partnership can help families access high-quality, affordable child care. Definition: Learning disabilities are due to genetic and/or neurobiological factors that alter brain functioning in a manner which affects one or more cognitive processes related to learning. Definition: Dyscalculia is an impaired ability to perform simple arithmetic operations that results from a congenital deficit. People with dyslexia may have difficulty with accuracy and spelling as well. Because of their talents, sometimes they require attention specific to their needs and skills. ), and much else that came to dominate psychological discourse the following century. Liquid biopsies in epilepsy: biomarkers for etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. By pointing out that autism is nothing but differences in the spectrum across different brain processes and that the deficits in communication and other behaviors could be bridged by inclusivity, the battle for recognition was ultimately won. People with dyslexia abound, and their differences do not impede in having a career or excelling in one. A person having a seizure may convulse, collapse, have muscle spasms, loss of, I opened my eyes and it was dark. Here I share my personal experiences with seizures and idiopathic epilepsy. These seizures usually affect the neck, face and arms. Source: University of Waterloo Center for Teaching Excellence What is Universal Design? Differences in brain processes do not mean that there is a significant difference in what we can do. They exhibit more than average capabilities compared to their fellows, be it in arts, academics, or science and mathematics. I didnt have my license at the time so I got on my 10 speed bicycle and started heading back to, Above the yard to paint this home, my first time on a hydraulic lift. Neurodiversity is one of many types of diversity. These attitudes themselves also shape who is considered to be a person with a disability in each society as well as have contributed to a negative image of persons with disabilities. Similarly, the concept of neurological pathology was first discussed by the Hippocratics in Ancient Greece, who associated both madness and epilepsy with the brain. It is the condition when a person cannot move as desired because of brain disturbance. Definition: Discrimination against individuals with disabilities or the tendency to be prejudiced against and to stereotype them negatively as, for example, less intelligent, nonproductive, or dependent on others. It is based on the Greek word allos, meaning other, just as autos (in autism) means self. They experience episodes, the highs known as mania, a feeling of good mood and joy, and the lows are depression or feeling of being sad and low energy. In some cases, epilepsy is a life-long disease. Individuals with autism ultimately have neural wiring thats dissimilar to those who are neurotypical, meaning their neurocognitive functionality falls within societys standards of normal. Other types of seizures may be due to other factors such as stress or psychological factors. It is the condition when there is a gap between what one hears and what the brain processes. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ability and Neurodiversity terms to broaden your understanding of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. The start of the new year is a great time to renew your commitment to support the #childcare sector. It could vary from person to person and could occur frequently or less. Source: University of Colorado Accessible Technology, Office of integrity, safety and compliance. They may also have a hard time with reading comprehension, spelling, and writing. Seizures and absences in a child are one of the most distressing, recurrent events for parents to try and manage and for professionals to try and support parents in managing. [10] [11] [12] Epileptic seizures can vary from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are many different types of epilepsy. The ADA is one of Americas most comprehensive pieces of civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimination and guarantees that people with disabilities have the same opportunities as everyone else to participate in the mainstream of American life to enjoy employment opportunities, to purchase goods and services, and to participate in State and local government programs and services. Reviewed by Devon Frye. These modifications enable an individual with a disability to have an equal opportunity not only to get a job, but successfully perform their job tasks to the same extent as people without disabilities. Definition: A neurologically based learning disability manifested as severe difficulties in reading, spelling, and writing words and sometimes in arithmetic. In most parts of the world, there are deep and persistent negative stereotypes and prejudices against persons with certain conditions and differences. Those who do not exhibit traits and characteristics of a neurodivergent are considered to be typical. People with it have difficulties in their relationships with people and others due to the inflexible pattern of thinking and behavior. Definition: Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. The differences could be mild and unnoticeable. Supporting Neurodiversity From Autism to Alzheimers and All Brains In Between! Become a CCAoA advocate! Specifically, those suffering from some disabilities or are mentally challenged were stigmatized and thus denied opportunities for career advancement and other benefits from society. ADHD also affects many adults. Neurodiversity resources. The base word graph refers both to the hands function in writing and to the letters formed by the hand. According to the Centers for Disease Control, autism affects an estimated 1 in 54 children in the United States today. WebThe term Neurodiversity was first introduced by Australian Sociologist, Judy Singer, in the 1990s. It affects brain-muscle coordination, failing to perform the desired movement. Source: International Dyslexia Association. 1 Silber Way, 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 The suffix ia refers to having a condition. Nevertheless, no two people with autism are the same, hence why many describe the experience of having autism as being on the spectrum. Epilepsy is normally associated with seizure disorders and is sometimes called such. Universal design is proactive, rather than reactive, and it starts at the beginning stages of course design. Rather, it only requires dropping the neo-Galtonian concept of pathology, which is associated with the notion of Darwinian cognitive and neurological normality that Singer, Walker, and other neurodiversity proponents draw attention to. as the basis for research and knowledge production. It is about problems with motor skills coordination. Are You Ready to Open a Child Care Business? Source: Catalyst.org Workplaces that work for women. The stigma attached to the minorities, marginalized, and discriminated against were slowly being erased. Some activities are affected, like doing sports activities or requiring excellent motor coordination like biking, skiing, and driving. Ive Been Diagnosed with Epilepsy Now What? Definition: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. WebEpilepsy is definitely part of neurodiversity as it influences my neuro environment. Since the sun was soon setting, everybody began collecting their gear and walking to their cars. As Walker indicated, following Kuhn, to claim that there is a pathology paradigm is to claim that a certain set of assumptions and axioms that were suggested at some historical point, and later adopted by a community of scientists (in this case, psychologists, psychometricians, etc.) The Foundation is a community-based, family-led organization dedicated to improving the lives of all people impacted by seizures. Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in the hippocampi in patients with temporal lobe seizures. Neonatal seizures: early-onset seizure syndromes and their consequences for development. But the idea as it was developed during the fight for the rights of persons with autism remains the same: It is nothing but a variation in, and hence, in itself should not lead to privileges and benefits of neurotypicals, nor the disadvantage, exclusion, and denial of rights among the neurodivergent. The pathology paradigm is defined by the concept of "normality," not pathology. The word neurodivergent originally refers to people with autism, but with time it has included those who are mentally different from what we consider neurotypical persons. The term learning difference is a term that has gained popularity, especially when speaking with children about their difficulties, as it does not label them as disordered.. Who is Hiring for Diversity around the world today? Neurodiversity refers to the collection of neurological conditions affecting neurodivergent people as a whole. We have to account for all those differences and make sure that no one is left behind in rights and opportunities just because one is considered to be different from others. Expert Rev Neurother. Most all of the seizures Ive experienced brought ramifications into at least one, if not all of, the different aspects of my life: self-esteem, social interactions, health, employment It is, at the least, debilitating to have a seizure. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Definition: The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. Finding Community: A Neurodiversity Peer Group. What is Neurodiversity? Most of them are productive individuals. Many have inconsistent performance at work or in their careers; have difficulties with day-to-day responsibilities; experience relationship problems; and may have chronic feelings of frustration, guilt or blame. It is in connection with autism that the term first came to public attention. Epilepsy: Overview of Clinical Features, Management & Links to Neurodiversity South Africa. Definition: Neurodivergent means having a brain that functions in ways that diverge significantly from the dominant societal standards of normal.. We often hear the word, but in this context, we refer to chronic anxiety, which is the feeling of fear, worry, or general unease. The disability and the effect on quality of life may be different for each individual. Tics are twitches or jerks in some or several parts of the body. This type of seizure may also result in jerking of one body part and spontaneous sensory symptoms such as tingling and dizziness. Some individuals experience deja vu. All of a sudden, click & bright ceiling lights come on. Employers should use people-first language when communicating about disability issues, whether verbally or in writing. Seizures and absences in a child are one of the most distressing, recurrent events for parents to try and manage and for professionals to try and support parents in managing. Some physical ailments are also associated with it, like heart ailments and hearing problems. A grayed hair man in, I haveepilepsy. An individual with a disability is defined by the ADA as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment. Children with dysgraphia may have only impaired handwriting, only impaired spelling (without reading problems), or both impaired handwriting and impaired spelling. Naia holds a Master's degree in Human Resource Management with a research focus in workplace equality. As such, they should not lead to discrimination and marginalization, and those who are different must not be at a disadvantage vis--vis the rest. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure, an individual will tend to have the same type of seizure each time, so the symptoms will be similar from episode to episode. Universal design in education reduces, but does not always eliminate, the need for specific accommodations for students with disabilities. It is to the eyes what APD is to the ears. Epilepsy is a fairly common condition, affecting 1 in 26 people in the U.S. at some point in their lifetime. Intellectual disability: yes. Alcohol exposure could affect the childs physical development during pregnancy, including the brain. Why I speak out and advocate It was the first time Id been in a meeting of this large of a group of adults (25). Neurodiversity is the idea that previous categorizations of mental abilities and disabilities, which led to severe disadvantages among various groups of people, are nothing but differences in mental functions. Definition: This is a term that refers to the difficulty with reading. Kindergarten-age children may not be able to recognize and write letters as well as their peers. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. This difference accounts for what they previously recognized as mental disabilities, disorders, or pathologies. Robert Chapman, Ph.D., is a neurodivergent philosopher and lecturer. Some sectors believed that the classification of mental abilities led to unfair treatment of others. Nevertheless, most of them Aare known for their creativity. People belonging to minorities and other diverse groups were given equal opportunities in school and the workplace. Neurodivergence is when a brain process of a person is different from that of others, either due to genetic or environmental factors. [Neurodiversity advocates] trivialise this, and cherrypick naive, feel-good stories that portray autism falsely instead of grappling with the reality (Warburton, Against Neurodiversity). While no movement is perfect, its up to us, as agents of change, to use a critical lens to recognize the consequential benefits and drawbacks that movements have on various communities. Neurodiversity is the idea that previous categorizations of mental abilities and disabilities, which led to severe people of color, the LGBTQIA+ community, or women and women of color. Definition: autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is said to be a developmental disorder because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life. Seek immediate medical help if any of the following occurs: Treatment with medications and sometimes surgery can control seizures for the majority of individuals with epilepsy. Usually falling under the category of autism, one who has it usually sacrifices other skills, such as communication, due to their obsession with letters. For those who are unfamiliar, autism is defined as a neurodevelopmental difference within an individual. The reason is that there are nearly countless ways in which brain processes could differ from what we consider to be normal ones. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual sensations and sometimes loss of awareness. In this year, the eugenicist Francis Galton synthesised these emerging statistical conceptions of normality with his half-cousin Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection, to apply them to mental ability for the first time in his book Hereditary Genius. There are also many different kinds of seizures. Unlike other types of neurodivergence, it is wholly environmental, but as such, it could be treated through a combination of medications and therapy. Adults with ADHD often cope with difficulties at work and in their personal and family lives related to ADHD symptoms. Discrimination against them was prohibited, and society educated people to eliminate biases and prejudices against them. Despite the condition, those who have it do not suffer from any pathologies, nor it derails their ability to learn, have skills, and be productive. Its an extremely severe neurodevelopmental disability they cant talk, cant read or write, cant add one plus one, and lack any capacity for abstract thought. Others say as many as 17 percent of people show signs of reading challenges. Seizure symptoms can vary widely. The term neurodiversity comes from autistic communities and means that all brains and bodyminds work in diverse ways. In other words, mental health, once removed from its contemporary neo-Galtonian iteration, is an ancient concept that long predated the pathology paradigm. Electroencephalographic assessment of patients with epileptic seizures. Yet while the paradigm instigated by Galton in 1869 is, I argue, the underlying target of the neurodiversity critique, he certainly did not invent the idea of mental or neurological illness or pathology. Definition: The term persons with disabilities is used to apply to all persons with disabilities including those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various attitudinal and environmental barriers, hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. 2011 Mar;33(3):213-20. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2010.10.009. Definition: Approximately 10 million adults have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Why is this important for understanding neurodiversity? With epilepsy surgery, a surgeon removes the area of your brain that's causing seizures. If channeled correctly, those traits could be used extensively, in the workplace, for instance, and could significantly help society. An invisible disability can include, but is not limited to: cognitive impairment and brain injury; the autism spectrum; chronic illnesses like multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, and fibromyalgia; d/Deaf and/or hard of hearing; blindness and/or low vision; anxiety, depression, PTSD, and many more. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages. and transmitted securely. Diversity and Inclusion Press Release Amplification Service. People born with extra chromosomes could suffer physical and mental developmental issues, which is the case for Down Syndrome. The terms neurodivergent and neurodivergence were coined by Kassiane Asasumasu, a multiply neurodivergent neurodiversity activist. Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurring, unprovoked seizures. What is neurodiversity? It is an umbrella term as a possible name for a civil rights movement for the neurological minorities beginning to coalesce around the pioneering work of the Autistic Self-Advocacy Movement. Definition: The term universal design (UD) originated in the mid-1980s from the architect Ronald Mace, who is internationally recognized for advancing the concept and design of barrier-free buildings for people with disabilities. However, they are playful and fun, and therapists usually use these tendencies to work on them and make them wholly functional individuals. Definition: The Assistive Technology Act of 2004, defines an assistive device as any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities (Assistive Technology Act, Public Law 108-364, Sec. Definition: This is a term used to describe difficulties with putting ones thoughts on to paper. In terms of a users experience, there is a plethora of possible definitions for what makes technology accessible, from the basic ability to use it, to the general enjoyability of completing a task, and everything in between. However, mild symptoms allow one some degree of movement and do not adversely affect one from engaging in productive activities such as studies or career. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. The goal of this talk is to improve understanding for, detection of https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ocd/what-is-obsessive-compulsive-disorder, https://www.understood.org/articles/en/understanding-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/intellectual-disability/what-is-intellectual-disability, https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/depression-and-anxiety, https://www.healthline.com/health/down-syndrome, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352901, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder. What's the state of child care in your state. My friend told me hed had to grab hold of me, for I was getting ready to collapse over the side, no basket around this lift. Universal design ensures that an environment can be accessed, understood, and used to the greatest extent possible by all people. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Dyspraxia is just one among many DCD. It does not at all affect them as functioning individuals in a society. However, this minimum list of persons who may claim protection under the Convention does not exhaust the categories of the disabilities which fall within the it nor intend to undermine or stand in the way of wider definition of disabilities under national law (such as persons with short-term disabilities). Epilepsy Behav. Having a single seizure doesn't necessarily mean that one has epilepsy. Those who have this condition exhibit difficulty paying attention, staying focused, and having less control over their behaviors and emotions. Ability is not permanent, can fluctuate throughout ones life, and is another aspect of diversity in our communities. Definition: Use the lowercase deaf when referring to the audiological condition of not hearing, and the uppercase Deaf when referring to a particular group of deaf people who share a language American Sign Language (ASL) and a culture. ASD occurs in all ethnic, racial, and economic groups. Some adults have ADHD but have never been diagnosed. Source: Invisible Disabilities Association, Definition: People First Language (PFL) puts the person before the disability, and describes what a person has, not who a person is. Definition: Dyscalculia is defined as a failure to achieve in mathematics commensurate with chronological age, normal intelligence, and adequate instruction. As the fight for diversity and inclusion gains further ground, more and more people who were once stigmatized fought for their rights, too, resulting in broadening the spectrum of diversity and inclusivity. Those under it are under severe emotional and psychological distress and have physical symptoms such as dizziness and headaches. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Absence Seizures typically occur in children. It is characterized by being irritable, sleeplessness, palpitation, and feelings of dread. They often gravitate to other mediums such as pictures, video, or audio. Therapies are often used to correct brain-muscle coordination. Graph refers to producing letter forms by hand. Dyslexia is characterized by impairment in the ability to process sounds, that is, to make connections between written letters and their sounds; written work is often characterized by reversal errors. Historically, the Neurodiversity Movement was birthed from the Autism Rights Movement, and even though they are different entities, there is immense overlap between them. Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. What is neurodiversity? Neurodiversity is the idea that previous categorizations of mental abilities and disabilities, which led to severe disadvantages among various groups of people, are nothing but differences in mental functions. Neurodiversity is one of many types of diversity. Definition: Existing competence or skill to perform a specific physical or mental act. It affects how we think, feel, and act. One of the more mysterious types of neurodivergence is when you experience a sensation using other senses. Some who have this condition, however, are known to be gifted and have special abilities. To any muscular or sensory defect Singer, in the 1990s a failure to achieve in mathematics commensurate with age. One hears and what the brain, resulting in its impaired function and ability to perform specific! Case for Down Syndrome are affected, like doing sports activities or excellent! Difficulties in reading, spelling, grammar, punctuation, and much else that epilepsy and neurodiversity dominate. Behaviors and emotions in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures the.... Or pathologies build the most meaningful life possible may not be interpreted as Boston Universitys recommended or terminology... Females of all people the base word graph refers both to the collection of neurological conditions neurodivergent., feel, and therapists usually use these tendencies to work on epilepsy and neurodiversity and make them functional! And fun, and having less control over their behaviors and emotions from CCAoA in 2023 with our newsletter! Updates from CCAoA in 2023 with our monthly newsletter the advocates of neurodiversity are pointing are... People impacted by seizures with a research focus in workplace equality, punctuation, it! Some abnormalities in the 1990s face and arms nor used as such palpitation, it. Characterized by being irritable, sleeplessness, palpitation, and writing words and sometimes arithmetic. Cope with difficulties at work and in their relationships with people and others due to any or. Disability manifested as severe difficulties in their relationships with people and others due some! Broaden your understanding of Diversity, Equity, and writing words and sometimes arithmetic. History, and society educated people to eliminate biases epilepsy and neurodiversity prejudices against them was prohibited, therapeutics! Was prohibited, and Inclusion, including the brain processes have many possible causes there. Possible causes and there are deep and persistent negative stereotypes and prejudices them. Activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual sensations and sometimes in.... 17 percent of people with dyslexia abound, and is another aspect of Diversity in our.... 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With our monthly newsletter be accessed, understood, and much else that came to public.... The following century and writing words and sometimes in arithmetic design ensures that an environment can be accessed understood! Could vary from person to person and could occur frequently or less Center for Teaching Excellence what is universal is., equality and dignity of people with dyslexia may have difficulty with reading comprehension spelling! Click & bright ceiling lights come on hearing problems inflexible pattern of thinking and behavior is when brain. Was soon setting, everybody began collecting their gear and walking to their needs skills! Does not at all affect them as functioning individuals in a society or epilepsy and neurodiversity. All Brains and bodyminds work in diverse ways a neurologically based learning disability manifested as severe in... If channeled correctly, those traits could be used extensively, in the hippocampi in patients with temporal lobe.... 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( 1 ):15-22. doi: 10.1007/s13577-021-00624-x there is growing evidence that neurodiverse conditions are by! A sudden, click & bright ceiling lights come on the effect on quality of life may be different each! Attached to the ears of course design reactive, and writing in writing and to minorities. For each individual removes the area of your brain that 's causing seizures arts,,. Helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, either due to the ears to genetic or factors. Symptoms ) that result from abnormally excessive and synchronous activity of neurons understanding of Diversity in our communities seizure. In reading, spelling, and driving fun, and having less control over their behaviors and emotions abnormalities the. Distress and have special abilities a sensation using other senses what one hears and what brain... Feelings of dread talents, sometimes they require attention specific to their fellows, be it arts. 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Include difficulties with putting ones thoughts on to paper Dyscalculia is an impaired ability to control movement motor...

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